The verb say is unique in English in that the vowel is pronounced differently in the 3rd person of the present simple. Normally, the 'a' in say is pronounced just the same as the 'a' in 'day' but, in the 3rd person he says, it is pronounced like the e in get. The past and participle forms said also have the e (as in get) pronunciation.

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Learners often mix up the verbs rise and raise. The former is an intransitive verb (it does not take an object) and means go up. The sun rises in the east. VAT has risen by 2%. This verb is irregular with past rose and participle risen.
The verb raise, on the other hand, is both transitive and regular and means make something go up. He raised his eyebrows. The government has raised VAT by 2%.

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The verb cost in its usual sense 'have a price' is irregular, with past cost and participle cost. But it can also be used to mean 'estimate the price', in which case it is regular, with past and participle costed. The engineers costed the project at 6 million.
The verb fit follows a similar pattern. Used to mean 'be the right size', it is irregular, with past fit and participle fit. But when it means 'shape or equip', it has past fitted and participle fitted as in the expression fitted kitchen.

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Many irregular verbs admit prefixes like a- (arise), for- (forsee), mis- (misread), over- (overdo), re- (rewind), without change in the meaning of the stem or in their past and participle forms. However, in rare cases, (become, forgive, mistake, understand etc) these verbs have acquired a sense which is quite independent of the meaning of the stem and so must be listed as verbs in their own right.

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A number of Class 2 (weak) verbs like burn, burned or burnt, burned or burnt can take the alternative -t ending in past and participle, principally in UK usage.
There are no hard and fast rules, but in collocations where the participle is used attributively, the -t ending is common.
We say a spoilt child, a burnt out case and cry over spilt milk However, we say the learned doctor, not the learnt doctor.

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The verb cleave has a variety of meanings and forms. Opinions differ, but idiomatic evidence supports the following broad distinction.
Cleave (split) may be conjugated cleave, cleft, cleft as in The baby was born with a cleft palate. or cleave, clove, cloven The devil has a cloven hoof.
Cleave (adhere) is best conjugated as regular. She clung to him, she cleaved to his body. (The Rainbow, D H Lawrence)

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The verb shine has regular and irregular cognates. When it is intransitive, ie used with no object, the past and participle is shone. The sun shone, having no alternative, on the nothing new. (Murphy, Samuel Beckett) However, used with an object, it is regular. He shined (polished) shoes outside the station.

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A number of Class 5 (strong) verbs have both a regular and an irregular participle.
The strong form is often archaic but is still preferred in many collocations where the participle is used as an adjective.
We say The ice has melted. but (volcanoes produce) molten lava. We say I haven't shaved. but He was clean-shaven. Likewise, the poor are downtrodden, the oppressed are heavy-laden.

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The past and participle forms of the verb bid may vary according to its meaning.
When it means to make an offer, as when someone bids at an auction, the past is bid and the participle bid.
Boeing bid for the contract but it went to Airbus.
The second use (ask or tell someone to do something) is somewhat archaic. The past may be bid or, more often, bade and the participle bid or bidden.
150000 mourners bade the President farewell in an emotional funeral.

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The verb hang can be regular or irregular.
When it refers to a method of execution, the past and participle are regular.
The British hanged Robert Emmett in Dublin in 1803.
Otherwise, hang is irregular with past and participle hung.
He hung his jacket on the back of a chair.

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The verbs lie (deceive), lie (recline) and lay are often confused.
The regular verb lie (say something which isn't true) has past and participle lied.
The (intransitive) verb lie (lie down or rest), is irregular, with past lay and participle lain.
The wreck has lain at the bottom of the ocean for hundreds of years.
On the other hand, the (transitive) verb lay (put or set), has past and participle laid.
He laid the map on the table.

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Deutsch	Audio	Infinitiv	Präteritum	Partizip	Stufe
anfangen	begin.wav	begin	began	begun	1
kaufen	buy.wav	buy	bought	bought	1
fangen	catch.wav	catch	caught	caught	1
kommen	come.wav	come	came	come	1
tun, machen	do.wav	do	did	done	1
trinken	drink.wav	drink	drank	drunk	1
essen	eat.wav	eat	ate	eaten	1
finden	find.wav	find	found	found	1
bekommen	get.wav	get	got	got or gotten	1
geben	give.wav	give	gave	given	1
gehen	go.wav	go	went	gone	1
haben	have.wav	have	had	had	1
hören	hear.wav	hear	heard	heard	1
verlassen	leave.wav	leave	left	left	1
verlieren	lose.wav	lose	lost	lost	1
machen	make.wav	make	made	made	1
begegnen, treffen	meet.wav	meet	met	met	1
lesen	read.wav	read	read	read	1
sehen	see.wav	see	saw	seen	1
nehmen	take.wav	take	took	taken	1
schreiben	write.wav	write	wrote	written	1
werden	become.wav	become	became	become	2
brechen, kaputt machen	break.wav	break	broke	broken	2
bringen	bring.wav	bring	brought	brought	2
bauen	build.wav	build	built	built	2
schneiden	cut.wav	cut	cut	cut	2
treiben, fahren	drive.wav	drive	drove	driven	2
fallen	fall.wav	fall	fell	fallen	2
fliegen	fly.wav	fly	flew	flown	2
vergessen	forget.wav	forget	forgot	forgotten	2
wachsen	grow.wav	grow	grew	grown	2
schlagen	hit.wav	hit	hit	hit	2
behalten	keep.wav	keep	kept	kept	2
wissen, kennen	know.wav	know	knew	known	2
leihen	lend.wav	lend	lent	lent	2
lassen	let.wav	let	let	let	2
setzen, stellen	put.wav	put	put	put	2
reiten, fahren	ride.wav	ride	rode	ridden	2
läuten, klingeln	ring.wav	ring	rang	rung	2
laufen	run.wav	run	ran	run	2
sagen	say.wav	say	said	said	2
schicken	send.wav	send	sent	sent	2
singen	sing.wav	sing	sang	sung	2
sitzen	sit.wav	sit	sat	sat	2
schlafen	sleep.wav	sleep	slept	slept	2
sprechen	speak.wav	speak	spoke	spoken	2
ausgeben, verbringen	spend.wav	spend	spent	spent	2
stehen	stand.wav	stand	stood	stood	2
schwimmen	swim.wav	swim	swam	swum	2
lehren	teach.wav	teach	taught	taught	2
sagen, erzählen	tell.wav	tell	told	told	2
denken, meinen	think.wav	think	thought	thought	2
werfen	throw.wav	throw	threw	thrown	2
verstehen	understand.wav	understand	understood	understood	2
wecken	wake.wav	wake	woke	woken	2
tragen (Kleidung)	wear.wav	wear	wore	worn	2
gewinnen	win.wav	win	won	won	2
tragen, ertragen	bear.wav	bear	bore	borne	3
gebären	bear.wav	bear	bore	born	3
schlagen, besiegen	beat.wav	beat	beat	beaten	3
biegen, krümmen	bend.wav	bend	bent	bent	3
wetten	bet.wav	bet	bet or betted	bet or betted	3
beißen	bite.wav	bite	bit	bitten or bit	3
blasen	blow.wav	blow	blew	blown	3
brennen	burn.wav	burn	burnt or burned	burnt or burned	3
platzen	burst.wav	burst	burst	burst	3
wählen	choose.wav	choose	chose	chosen	3
kriechen	creep.wav	creep	crept	crept	3
handeln	deal.wav	deal	dealt	dealt	3
graben	dig.wav	dig	dug	dug	3
zeichnen	draw.wav	draw	drew	drawn	3
füttern, nähren	feed.wav	feed	fed	fed	3
fühlen	feel.wav	feel	felt	felt	3
kampfen	fight.wav	fight	fought	fought	3
fliehen, flüchten	flee.wav	flee	fled	fled	3
verzeihen	forgive.wav	forgive	forgave	forgiven	3
frieren	freeze.wav	freeze	froze	frozen	3
verstecken	hide.wav	hide	hid	hidden	3
halten	hold.wav	hold	held	held	3
weh tun	hurt.wav	hurt	hurt	hurt	3
legen	lay.wav	lay	laid	laid	3
führen	lead.wav	lead	led	led	3
lernen	learn.wav	learn	learnt or learned	learnt or learned	3
beleuchten, anzünden	light.wav	light	lit or lighted	lit or lighted	3
bedeuten, meinen	mean.wav	mean	meant	meant	3
verkennen, verwechseln	mistake.wav	mistake	mistook	mistaken	3
zahlen	pay.wav	pay	paid	paid	3
verlassen, aufhören, aufgeben	quit.wav	quit	quit or quitted	quit or quitted	3
loswerden	rid.wav	rid	rid or ridded	rid, ridden or ridded	3
verkaufen	sell.wav	sell	sold	sold	3
stellen	set.wav	set	set	set	3
shütteln, zittern	shake.wav	shake	shook	shaken	3
glänzen, scheinen	shine.wav	shine	shone	shone	3
schießen	shoot.wav	shoot	shot	shot	3
zeigen	show.wav	show	showed	shown or showed	3
sinken	sink.wav	sink	sank or sunk	sunk	3
stehlen	steal.wav	steal	stole	stolen	3
kleben	stick.wav	stick	stuck	stuck	3
schwören	swear.wav	swear	swore	sworn	3
fegen, kehren	sweep.wav	sweep	swept	swept	3
schwingen	swing.wav	swing	swung	swung	3
reißen	tear.wav	tear	tore	torn	3
bieten	bid.wav	bid	bid	bid	4
bluten	bleed.wav	bleed	bled	bled	4
kosten	cost.wav	cost	cost	cost	4
träumen	dream.wav	dream	dreamt or dreamed	dreamt or dreamed	4
verbieten	forbid.wav	forbid	forbade	forbidden or forbid	4
mahlen	grind.wav	grind	ground	ground	4
hängen	hang.wav	hang	hung	hung	4
knien	kneel.wav	kneel	knelt or kneeled	knelt or kneeled	4
lehnen	lean.wav	lean	leant or leaned	leant or leaned	4
springen	leap.wav	leap	leapt or leaped	leapt or leaped	4
liegen, sich legen	lie.wav	lie	lay	lain	4
steigen (Preis)	rise.wav	rise	rose	risen	4
nähen	sew.wav	sew	sewed	sewn or sewed	4
eingehen	shrink.wav	shrink	shrank or shrunk	shrunk	4
zumachen	shut.wav	shut	shut	shut	4
rutschen, gleiten	slide.wav	slide	slid	slid	4
riechen	smell.wav	smell	smelt or smelled	smelt or smelled	4
rasen	speed.wav	speed	sped or speeded	sped or speeded	4
buchstabieren	spell.wav	spell	spelt or spelled	spelt or spelled	4
verschütten	spill.wav	spill	spilt or spilled	spilt or spilled	4
schleudern	spin.wav	spin	spun	spun	4
spucken	spit.wav	spit	spat or spit	spat or spit	4
teilen, spalten	split.wav	split	split	split	4
verderben	spoil.wav	spoil	spoilt or spoiled	spoilt or spoiled	4
ausbreiten	spread.wav	spread	spread	spread	4
quellen	spring.wav	spring	sprang or sprung	sprung	4
stechen	sting.wav	sting	stung	stung	4
stinken	stink.wav	stink	stank or stunk	stunk	4
schlagen, angreifen	strike.wav	strike	struck	struck or stricken	4
schwellen	swell.wav	swell	swelled	swollen or swelled	4
weben, spinnen	weave.wav	weave	wove or weft	woven or weft	4
weinen	weep.wav	weep	wept	wept	4
wickeln, winden	wind.wav	wind	wound	wound	4
etwas tun heißen	bid_2.wav	bid	bid or bade	bid or bidden	5
binden	bind.wav	bind	bound	bound	5
züchten	breed.wav	breed	bred	bred	5
werfen, gießen	cast.wav	cast	cast	cast	5
sich festklammern	cling.wav	cling	clung	clung	5
Kosten veranschlagen	cost_2.wav	cost (vr)	costed	costed	5
schmeißen, schleudern	fling.wav	fling	flung	flung	5
hängen, (hinrichten)	hang_2.wav	hang (vr)	hanged	hanged	5
lügen	lie_2.wav	lie (vr)	lied	lied	5
mähen	mow.wav	mow	mowed	mown or mowed	5
sägen	saw.wav	saw	sawed	sawn or sawed	5
suchen	seek.wav	seek	sought	sought	5
scheren	shear.wav	shear	shore or sheared	shorn or sheared	5
blank putzen	shine_2.wav	shine (vr)	shined	shined	5
scheißen	shit.wav	shit	shit, shat or shitted	shit, shat or shitted	5
schleudern, aufhängen	sling.wav	sling	slung	slung	5
aufschlitzen	slit.wav	slit	slit	slit	5
säen	sow.wav	sow	sowed	sown or sowed	5
schreiten	stride.wav	stride	strode	stridden	5
streben	strive.wav	strive	strove or strived	striven or strived	5
treten	tread.wav	tread	trod	trodden or trod	5
auswringen	wring.wav	wring	wrung	wrung	5
(sich) spalten	cleave.wav	cleave	clove or cleft	cloven or cleft	6
wohnen (lit)	dwell.wav	dwell	dwelt or dwelled	dwelt or dwelled	6
verlassen (lit)	forsake.wav	forsake	forsook	forsaken	6
vergolden	gild.wav	gild	gilt or gilded	gilt or gilded	6
gürten	gird.wav	gird	girt or girded	girt or girded	6
wenden, lichten	heave.wav	heave	hove or heaved	hove or heaved	6
hauen	hew.wav	hew	hewed	hewn or hewed	6
reißen (lit)	rend.wav	rend	rent or rended	rent or rended	6
(blut) vergießen	shed.wav	shed	shed	shed	6
beschlagen	shoe.wav	shoe	shod or shoed	shod or shoed	6
erschlagen	slay.wav	slay	slew or slayed	slain or slayed	6
schleichen	slink.wav	slink	slunk or slinked	slunk	6
schlagen (arch)	smite.wav	smite	smote	smitten	6
streuen	strew.wav	strew	strewed	strewn or strewed	6
bespannen, spannen	string.wav	string	strung	strung	6
stoßen	thrust.wav	thrust	thrust or thrusted	thrust or thrusted	6

This collection of grammar exercises provides a ready-to-go photocopiable resource for hard-pressed teachers who need to give extra grammar practice to students from lower through upper intermediate level. It is also available to download in printable format.   Preview Here

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