The verb say is unique in English in that the vowel is pronounced differently in the 3rd person of the present simple. Normally, the 'a' in say is pronounced just the same as the 'a' in 'day' but, in the 3rd person he says, it is pronounced like the e in get. The past and participle forms said also have the e (as in get) pronunciation.

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Learners often mix up the verbs rise and raise. The former is an intransitive verb (it does not take an object) and means go up. The sun rises in the east. VAT has risen by 2%. This verb is irregular with past rose and participle risen.
The verb raise, on the other hand, is both transitive and regular and means make something go up. He raised his eyebrows. The government has raised VAT by 2%.

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The verb cost in its usual sense 'have a price' is irregular, with past cost and participle cost. But it can also be used to mean 'estimate the price', in which case it is regular, with past and participle costed. The engineers costed the project at 6 million.
The verb fit follows a similar pattern. Used to mean 'be the right size', it is irregular, with past fit and participle fit. But when it means 'shape or equip', it has past fitted and participle fitted as in the expression fitted kitchen.

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Many irregular verbs admit prefixes like a- (arise), for- (forsee), mis- (misread), over- (overdo), re- (rewind), without change in the meaning of the stem or in their past and participle forms. However, in rare cases, (become, forgive, mistake, understand etc) these verbs have acquired a sense which is quite independent of the meaning of the stem and so must be listed as verbs in their own right.

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A number of Class 2 (weak) verbs like burn, burned or burnt, burned or burnt can take the alternative -t ending in past and participle, principally in UK usage.
There are no hard and fast rules, but in collocations where the participle is used attributively, the -t ending is common.
We say a spoilt child, a burnt out case and cry over spilt milk However, we say the learned doctor, not the learnt doctor.

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The verb cleave has a variety of meanings and forms. Opinions differ, but idiomatic evidence supports the following broad distinction.
Cleave (split) may be conjugated cleave, cleft, cleft as in The baby was born with a cleft palate. or cleave, clove, cloven The devil has a cloven hoof.
Cleave (adhere) is best conjugated as regular. She clung to him, she cleaved to his body. (The Rainbow, D H Lawrence)

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The verb shine has regular and irregular cognates. When it is intransitive, ie used with no object, the past and participle is shone. The sun shone, having no alternative, on the nothing new. (Murphy, Samuel Beckett) However, used with an object, it is regular. He shined (polished) shoes outside the station.

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A number of Class 5 (strong) verbs have both a regular and an irregular participle.
The strong form is often archaic but is still preferred in many collocations where the participle is used as an adjective.
We say The ice has melted. but (volcanoes produce) molten lava. We say I haven't shaved. but He was clean-shaven. Likewise, the poor are downtrodden, the oppressed are heavy-laden.

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The past and participle forms of the verb bid may vary according to its meaning.
When it means to make an offer, as when someone bids at an auction, the past is bid and the participle bid.
Boeing bid for the contract but it went to Airbus.
The second use (ask or tell someone to do something) is somewhat archaic. The past may be bid or, more often, bade and the participle bid or bidden.
150000 mourners bade the President farewell in an emotional funeral.

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The verb hang can be regular or irregular.
When it refers to a method of execution, the past and participle are regular.
The British hanged Robert Emmett in Dublin in 1803.
Otherwise, hang is irregular with past and participle hung.
He hung his jacket on the back of a chair.

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The verbs lie (deceive), lie (recline) and lay are often confused.
The regular verb lie (say something which isn't true) has past and participle lied.
The (intransitive) verb lie (lie down or rest), is irregular, with past lay and participle lain.
The wreck has lain at the bottom of the ocean for hundreds of years.
On the other hand, the (transitive) verb lay (put or set), has past and participle laid.
He laid the map on the table.

---

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Italiano	Audio	Infinito	Passato	Participio	Livello
cominciare	begin.wav	begin	began	begun	1
comprare	buy.wav	buy	bought	bought	1
prendere, afferrare	catch.wav	catch	caught	caught	1
venire	come.wav	come	came	come	1
fare	do.wav	do	did	done	1
bere	drink.wav	drink	drank	drunk	1
mangiare	eat.wav	eat	ate	eaten	1
trovare	find.wav	find	found	found	1
ottenere, ricevere, diventare	get.wav	get	got	got or gotten	1
dare	give.wav	give	gave	given	1
andare	go.wav	go	went	gone	1
avere	have.wav	have	had	had	1
udire	hear.wav	hear	heard	heard	1
lasciare, partire	leave.wav	leave	left	left	1
perdere	lose.wav	lose	lost	lost	1
fare, fabbricare	make.wav	make	made	made	1
incontrare, conoscere	meet.wav	meet	met	met	1
leggere	read.wav	read	read	read	1
vedere	see.wav	see	saw	seen	1
prendere, portare	take.wav	take	took	taken	1
scrivere	write.wav	write	wrote	written	1
diventare	become.wav	become	became	become	2
rompere	break.wav	break	broke	broken	2
portare	bring.wav	bring	brought	brought	2
costruire	build.wav	build	built	built	2
tagliare	cut.wav	cut	cut	cut	2
guidare	drive.wav	drive	drove	driven	2
cadere	fall.wav	fall	fell	fallen	2
volare	fly.wav	fly	flew	flown	2
dimenticare	forget.wav	forget	forgot	forgotten	2
crescere, coltivare	grow.wav	grow	grew	grown	2
colpire	hit.wav	hit	hit	hit	2
tenere, conservare	keep.wav	keep	kept	kept	2
sapere, conoscere	know.wav	know	knew	known	2
prestare	lend.wav	lend	lent	lent	2
lasciare, permettere	let.wav	let	let	let	2
mettere	put.wav	put	put	put	2
cavalcare	ride.wav	ride	rode	ridden	2
suonare	ring.wav	ring	rang	rung	2
correre	run.wav	run	ran	run	2
dire	say.wav	say	said	said	2
spedire, inviare	send.wav	send	sent	sent	2
cantare	sing.wav	sing	sang	sung	2
sedere	sit.wav	sit	sat	sat	2
dormire	sleep.wav	sleep	slept	slept	2
parlare	speak.wav	speak	spoke	spoken	2
spendere	spend.wav	spend	spent	spent	2
stare (in piedi)	stand.wav	stand	stood	stood	2
nuotare	swim.wav	swim	swam	swum	2
insegnare	teach.wav	teach	taught	taught	2
dire, raccontare	tell.wav	tell	told	told	2
pensare	think.wav	think	thought	thought	2
gettare, lanciare	throw.wav	throw	threw	thrown	2
capire	understand.wav	understand	understood	understood	2
svegliare	wake.wav	wake	woke	woken	2
vestire	wear.wav	wear	wore	worn	2
vincere	win.wav	win	won	won	2
sopportare, portare	bear.wav	bear	bore	borne	3
partorire, essere nato	bear.wav	bear	bore	born	3
battere, vincere	beat.wav	beat	beat	beaten	3
piegare	bend.wav	bend	bent	bent	3
scommettere	bet.wav	bet	bet or betted	bet or betted	3
mordere	bite.wav	bite	bit	bitten or bit	3
soffiare	blow.wav	blow	blew	blown	3
bruciare	burn.wav	burn	burnt or burned	burnt or burned	3
scoppiare	burst.wav	burst	burst	burst	3
scegliere	choose.wav	choose	chose	chosen	3
avanzare furtivamente	creep.wav	creep	crept	crept	3
trattare	deal.wav	deal	dealt	dealt	3
scavare	dig.wav	dig	dug	dug	3
disegnare, tirare	draw.wav	draw	drew	drawn	3
nutrire	feed.wav	feed	fed	fed	3
sentire	feel.wav	feel	felt	felt	3
combattere	fight.wav	fight	fought	fought	3
fuggire	flee.wav	flee	fled	fled	3
perdonare	forgive.wav	forgive	forgave	forgiven	3
gelare	freeze.wav	freeze	froze	frozen	3
nascondere	hide.wav	hide	hid	hidden	3
tenere	hold.wav	hold	held	held	3
far male, ferire	hurt.wav	hurt	hurt	hurt	3
posare	lay.wav	lay	laid	laid	3
condurre	lead.wav	lead	led	led	3
imparare	learn.wav	learn	learnt or learned	learnt or learned	3
illuminare, accendere	light.wav	light	lit or lighted	lit or lighted	3
significare	mean.wav	mean	meant	meant	3
confondere	mistake.wav	mistake	mistook	mistaken	3
pagare	pay.wav	pay	paid	paid	3
mollare, dimettersi	quit.wav	quit	quit or quitted	quit or quitted	3
sbarazzare	rid.wav	rid	rid or ridded	rid, ridden or ridded	3
vendere	sell.wav	sell	sold	sold	3
appiccare, fissare	set.wav	set	set	set	3
agitare	shake.wav	shake	shook	shaken	3
splendere, brillare	shine.wav	shine	shone	shone	3
sparare	shoot.wav	shoot	shot	shot	3
mostrare	show.wav	show	showed	shown or showed	3
affondare	sink.wav	sink	sank or sunk	sunk	3
rubare	steal.wav	steal	stole	stolen	3
attaccare	stick.wav	stick	stuck	stuck	3
giurare, imprecare	swear.wav	swear	swore	sworn	3
spazzare	sweep.wav	sweep	swept	swept	3
oscillare	swing.wav	swing	swung	swung	3
strappare	tear.wav	tear	tore	torn	3
offrire (in un asta)	bid.wav	bid	bid	bid	4
sanguinare	bleed.wav	bleed	bled	bled	4
costare	cost.wav	cost	cost	cost	4
sognare	dream.wav	dream	dreamt or dreamed	dreamt or dreamed	4
proibire	forbid.wav	forbid	forbade	forbidden or forbid	4
macinare	grind.wav	grind	ground	ground	4
appendere	hang.wav	hang	hung	hung	4
inginocchiarsi	kneel.wav	kneel	knelt or kneeled	knelt or kneeled	4
appoggiarsi	lean.wav	lean	leant or leaned	leant or leaned	4
saltare, balzare	leap.wav	leap	leapt or leaped	leapt or leaped	4
giacere, riposare	lie.wav	lie	lay	lain	4
aumentare	rise.wav	rise	rose	risen	4
cucire	sew.wav	sew	sewed	sewn or sewed	4
restringersi	shrink.wav	shrink	shrank or shrunk	shrunk	4
chiudere	shut.wav	shut	shut	shut	4
scivolare	slide.wav	slide	slid	slid	4
odorare	smell.wav	smell	smelt or smelled	smelt or smelled	4
andare a tutta velocità	speed.wav	speed	sped or speeded	sped or speeded	4
dire lettera per lettera	spell.wav	spell	spelt or spelled	spelt or spelled	4
versare, rovesciare	spill.wav	spill	spilt or spilled	spilt or spilled	4
ruotare, girare	spin.wav	spin	spun	spun	4
sputare	spit.wav	spit	spat or spit	spat or spit	4
spaccare	split.wav	split	split	split	4
rovinare, guastare	spoil.wav	spoil	spoilt or spoiled	spoilt or spoiled	4
propagare, stendere	spread.wav	spread	spread	spread	4
scattare, sorgere, saltare	spring.wav	spring	sprang or sprung	sprung	4
pungere	sting.wav	sting	stung	stung	4
puzzare	stink.wav	stink	stank or stunk	stunk	4
colpire, attaccare	strike.wav	strike	struck	struck or stricken	4
gonfiare	swell.wav	swell	swelled	swollen or swelled	4
tessere	weave.wav	weave	wove or weft	woven or weft	4
piangere	weep.wav	weep	wept	wept	4
caricare, avvolgere	wind.wav	wind	wound	wound	4
comandare, augurare	bid_2.wav	bid	bid or bade	bid or bidden	5
legare	bind.wav	bind	bound	bound	5
allevare	breed.wav	breed	bred	bred	5
gettare, fondere	cast.wav	cast	cast	cast	5
aderire strettamente	cling.wav	cling	clung	clung	5
stabilire il prezzo di	cost_2.wav	cost (vr)	costed	costed	5
lanciare, scagliare	fling.wav	fling	flung	flung	5
impiccare	hang_2.wav	hang (vr)	hanged	hanged	5
mentire	lie_2.wav	lie (vr)	lied	lied	5
falciare	mow.wav	mow	mowed	mown or mowed	5
segare	saw.wav	saw	sawed	sawn or sawed	5
cercare	seek.wav	seek	sought	sought	5
tosare	shear.wav	shear	shore or sheared	shorn or sheared	5
far brillare, far risplendere	shine_2.wav	shine (vr)	shined	shined	5
cagare	shit.wav	shit	shit, shat or shitted	shit, shat or shitted	5
imbracare, scagliare	sling.wav	sling	slung	slung	5
tagliare (la gola)	slit.wav	slit	slit	slit	5
seminare	sow.wav	sow	sowed	sown or sowed	5
camminare a grandi passi	stride.wav	stride	strode	stridden	5
sforzarsi (di fare)	strive.wav	strive	strove or strived	striven or strived	5
camminare, calpestare	tread.wav	tread	trod	trodden or trod	5
strizzare	wring.wav	wring	wrung	wrung	5
scindere, spaccare	cleave.wav	cleave	clove or cleft	cloven or cleft	6
dimorare	dwell.wav	dwell	dwelt or dwelled	dwelt or dwelled	6
abbandonare	forsake.wav	forsake	forsook	forsaken	6
dorare	gild.wav	gild	gilt or gilded	gilt or gilded	6
cingere, circondare	gird.wav	gird	girt or girded	girt or girded	6
alzare, tirare (con sforzo)	heave.wav	heave	hove or heaved	hove or heaved	6
sgrossare, tagliare	hew.wav	hew	hewed	hewn or hewed	6
lacerare, strappare	rend.wav	rend	rent or rended	rent or rended	6
perdere, versare	shed.wav	shed	shed	shed	6
ferrare	shoe.wav	shoe	shod or shoed	shod or shoed	6
uccidere	slay.wav	slay	slew or slayed	slain or slayed	6
svignarsela	slink.wav	slink	slunk or slinked	slunk	6
percuotere, sbaragliare	smite.wav	smite	smote	smitten	6
sparpagliare	strew.wav	strew	strewed	strewn or strewed	6
incordare	string.wav	string	strung	strung	6
spingere (con forza)	thrust.wav	thrust	thrust or thrusted	thrust or thrusted	6

This collection of grammar exercises provides a ready-to-go photocopiable resource for hard-pressed teachers who need to give extra grammar practice to students from lower through upper intermediate level. It is also available to download in printable format.   Preview Here

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